Cutting, also known as self-mutilation or self-injurious behavior (SIB), became so widely reported in schools, juvenile facilities, and hospitals it was called the addiction of the 1990’s. SIB has been well-documented throughout history, however, and is even included in the Holy Scriptures of the Old Testament (1 Kings 18:28). The Greek New Testament also includes an account of cutting in the book of Mark 5:5. SIB includes cutting, burning, self-biting, carving, scratching with the intent of drawing blood, repeated branding of the skin via burning, and repetitive hair pulling. These types of self-mutilation have compulsive elements which typically require professional intervention.
Usually, self-injurious behaviors are not a genuine attempt at suicide. Instead, individuals who utilize SIB are desperately attempting to gain temporary relief from anxiety, depression, and depersonalization. Journalist M. Strong calls SIB the “bright red scream”, a cry for help. Those who self-injure may or may not have insight into why they cut. Research indicates those who self-injure are typically female and rates are higher in adolescents and young adults. Fifty percent of those who self-injure have an eating disorder. Fifty to ninety percent of those who self-injure have endured some type of sexual trauma including childhood sexual abuse, incest, or rape. Depression, anxiety, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, and Borderline Personality Disorder are common mental health conditions seen with those who self-mutilate.
Cutting provides an escape from intrusive, traumatic memories by inducing dissociation and emotional numbness. Many who self-injure report they experience no pain while they are actually cutting. Biochemistry explains this phenomenon. Enkephalins are opiate-like chemicals closely related to endorphins. Endorphins are the body’s natural opiates and provide a form or analgesia (pain relief). Repeated SIB develops a conditioned response to stress that produces heightened levels of opiates which act as pain blockers and increase serotonin levels in the brain, enhancing the individual’s mood. Thus, those who self-injure can experience cutting as self-soothing.
Research indicates talk therapy and, in some cases, the use of anti-depressants have been effective in the treatment of SIB. It is important for therapists, family members, and friends to display a non-judgmental attitude toward the loved one who self-injures. The goal of treatment is to process emotional and/or sexual trauma while teaching healthy skills and techniques to alleviate depression and anxiety. Healing is a process and clients may relapse. Displaying God’s unconditional love is a must.
Karen Theisen is a licensed professional counselor at the Christian Counseling Center of Battle Creek.